Drilling the barrel of the gun fixed on the railway platform. 355.6 mm…

Stem production technology.

The main part of the infantry-gun automatic weapon is the barrel.

Consider some of the main operations of the manufacture of barrel pipes:

one.one.one. Pipes for pipes of infantry-gun automatic weapons

Depending on the caliber, blanks from:

roller rolling, most often with landing in the official part of the metal for more rational use (rice. one.1, a);

transverse-screw rental with approaching the outer contour (rice. one.1, b), and for calibers about 30 mm and sometimes stitched in a hot canal;

roller rolling without landing with the possibility of placing the workpiece under radial forging in its cross section (rice. one.1, c).

Schemes in Fig. one.1, a, B are used for the production of products in conditions of large.scale and mass production. Scheme in Fig. one.1, provides for a relatively small product production program.

High.quality carbon steels (steel 50A, steel 50RA) are used as materials of barrel blanks for small products, and for blanks of pipes of automatic guns. Highly alloyed steel type 30XNMFA, 30KHN2MFA.

The chemical composition and mechanical properties of steels 50.r and 30KHN2MFs are given in the table. one.1 and 1.2.

one.2. Thermal processing modes of stellar steels and the obtained mechanical properties

In order to increase the mechanical properties of the steel, especially for the trunks of high.tubing automatic guns, when smelting, they refine with synthetic slags, subject to electric and electric.armed overflows.

Thanks to these methods, plasticity, shock viscosity, durability of steel during cyclic loads increase. For example, after refinement with synthetic slags, the stroke viscosity of the steel 50.RAM rises by 30%.

These redistributions increase the cost of steels and in some operations of mechanical processing (in particular, when processing channels) cause certain difficulties with the removal of chips and ensuring the necessary surface roughness.

Checking the mechanical properties of the material of the barrel blanks is carried out by 100 % solidness and testing on samples to determine shock viscosity and limits of proportionality, strength, narrowing. Samples are cut along the workpiece axis. Two billets from the batch with minimal and maximum hardness are taken for the manufacture of samples.

For example, a batch of barrel blanks for a Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK) is equipped in an amount of not more than 600 pieces, and from two blanks they cut out: in the state.owned part. sample for testing standard sizes; in the middle. a sample for determining shock viscosity; At the muzzle part. sample for testing a shortened.

Weapon trunk channel is a deep hole. Deeply understands such holes in which the ratio of the length of the channel l is more than its diameter D five times (l/d 5). Until the fifties of the XX century, such channels were considered deep that L/D had more than 10.

In connection with the development of the production of engines of jet aircraft and missiles, the use of stainless and heat.resistant materials that are difficult to cut, so the ratio of L/D reduced.

The channel in the workpiece is most often made according to the scheme: preliminary continuous drilling, half.deployment, finishing deployment or hining, sometimes electrochemical processing, sometimes stretching.

Due to the fact that the blanks of the trunks of small and automatic cannon weapons are almost always the bodies of rotation and their size and mass are relatively small, the dilution of their drilling is as follows: the workpiece rotates, and the tool has the movement of the feed (rice (rice. one.2.)

,

Other options for diluting deep channels will be considered in the second chapter of the textbook.

At first glance, it would be possible to drill barrel blanks with spiral drill with two main cutting edges. But consideration of the simplest scheme of forces acting on the cutting edges in the plane of XY (rice. one.3), shows that due to the errors of the sharpening of such drills, in the real case, the radial force of PXY is formed, which leads to a displacement of the drill from the axis of the canal (to the dumpling of the drill or to the breakdown of the diameter of the hole).

Thanks to this feature shown in the rice. one.3, the drill also bears the name of tools without specific basing.

Railway gun K12: design features

Built in 1938. The gun was clearly like the “Parisian gun” of the First World War. K12 had an unusually long barrel 33.3 m long, which was held from sagging with a special stretch mechanism. As a counterweight, a voluminous breech and a wedge bolt served the barrel.

The railway gun had a carriage suitable for traveling on all the railways of Europe. Its basis was two supporting longitudinal beams, which in turn were located on two rear and two front carts (platforms). The rear platforms had four axes each, the front. five axes.

After each shot, the gun trunk needed to be lowered

A serious drawback of the design was that after each shot, the barrel of the railway gun was heavily lowered. Like all K12 railway guns also had a diesel-electrical drive for guidance. But for each shot, it was necessary to make all its parameters again.

As a standard high.explosive shot, 210 mm caliber shells were used. EXTENTERY charge with a maximum weight of 241 kg was distributed into two or three pre.Gils charges in bags (cartules) and a charge in the sleeve. High loads arising from firing required an increase in the thickness of the wall walls. As a result, with a total weight of the projectile more than 100 kg, the VV charge was a little more than 8 kg.

Unlike her predecessor, K12 could fire immediately from the railway base on the rails. Given the curvature of the projectile trajectory, the light movement of the gun forward or back made it possible to make a horizontal correction for (non.rotary) barrel.

Railway gun K12 on a lifting device

To prevent the impact of the raised barrel on rails during the rollback, the gun received a hydraulic lifting device. The suspension allowed the entire carriage system and the barrel to raise almost a meter. When firing, the barrel rolled out a maximum of 75 cm, and the carriage is almost a meter.

T-shaped rail base for guiding a railway gun in the direction

Unlike the “Parisian gun”, which, on a fire position with the help of cranes, rose to a prepared, rigidly installed rotary road platform, the K12 gun could fire from a turning circle, rail track or railway turning table.

In addition, specially for her developed a T-shaped rail base, which was attached to the main path. Then the front carts were raised, deployed 90 degrees and lowered to such a base. Such an engineering solution significantly increased the angle of horizontal gun aim.

The K12 battery was accompanied by a train with anti-aircraft cover, ammunition, autocrane and a T-similar rail system.

In October 1944. The Americans captured in France in an open field the blown up K12 and about 120 shots to it. At the same time, the second gun made its last shot in England. Later, both guns allies completely disposed of.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the K12 railway gun

• Caliber: 21 cm;
• The length of the barrel (channel): 33.3 m (32.3 m);
• Range in the direction: 360 degrees (turning table);
• Range in the corner of the place: up to 55 degrees;
• Weight in the combat position: 302 t with a railway carriage;
• gas pressure: max. 4600-5000 kp/cm2;
• projectile weight: 107.5 kg;
• BB weight in the shell: 7.85–8.10 kg;
• charge weight: 250 kg;
• The initial speed of the projectile: 1625 m/s;
• maximum shot range: 115 km;
• Detonators: head and bottom fuses;
• charger: 4.0 m;
• Change of trunk after: 80 shots;
• The first optimized shooting data: November 26, 1937.;
• number of shots, total: 72.

Based on the materials of the Militärgeschichte Military Historical Magazine

Railway tools | Germany

KRUpp on the basis of marine 15-cm guns “SKC/30” in 1937-1939. 18 railway installations were manufactured. The gun had a circular shelling sector. The railway platform with a low location of the cargo platform was equipped with four side supports to ensure the transverse stability. There were platforms with armored towers. TTX tools: caliber. 149.1 mm; installation mass. 55.5 tons; installation length. 21 m; barrel length. 6.7 m; The mass of the barrel with the shutter is 5.8 tons; The mass of the shell is 43 and 52.5 kg; initial speed. 805. 840 m/s; rate of fire. 3 shots per minute; Fire height. 3.2 m; firing range. 22 km.

Railway gun 17-Cm K (E)

In 1938. KRUPP company SKC/40 were removed from the old battleships of the Deutschland class and installed on railway platforms similar to the 15-CM K (E) installations “. In total, 6 installations were built. TTX tools: caliber. 172.6 mm; barrel length. 6.9 m; installation mass. 80 tons; The mass of the barrel with the shutter is 10.7 tons; The mass of the shell is 62.8 kg; initial speed. 875 m/s; rate of fire. 1 shot per minute; Fire height. 3.2 m; Maximum shooting range. 26.1 km.

Railway gun 20-Cm K (E)

The guns were made by Krupp for the Luetzow heavy cruiser, the corps of which Germany in 1940. sold the USSR. 8 guns that had the designation “20.3-Cm SK s/34” and the remaining from the cruiser were converted into railway guns. They were installed on 8-axle railway platforms with carriages of 210-mm guns “Peter Adelbert”, which have remained since the First World War. TTX tools: caliber. 203 mm; barrel length. 12.1 m; installation mass. 86.1 tons; The mass of the gun is 20.7 tons; The mass of the shell. 122. 124 kg; initial speed. 925 m/s; rate of fire. 1 shot in 2 minutes; shooting range. 38 km.

Railway gun 21-CM K-12 (E)

Railway gun 21-CM K-12V (E)

In 1939. The super.piercing gun was made by Krupp in a single copy and was used on the Atlantic coast of France. It was a modernized version of the “Paris gun”. The modification of the gun under the designation “K-12n” built in 1940 is known. (mass. 312 tons, length. 45 m). The gun was transported on the 18-axle railway platform. The long barrel was held from deflections with a system of cables and stretch marks.

TTX tools: caliber. 211 mm; The length of the gun is 45 m; barrel length. 33.3 m; The mass of the gun is 99.7 tons; combat mass. 309 t; mass during transportation. 317 tons; The mass of the projectile is 107.5 kg; The mass of the projectile is 7.9 kg; charge mass. 241 kg; initial speed. 1625 m/s, with a reduced charge. 1500 m/s; The length of the barrel rollback is 1 m; rate of fire. 1 shot in 10 minutes; effective firing range. 45 km, maximum. 115 km; barrel survivability. 80. 100 shots.

Railway gun 24-CM “Theodor VGIPO” K (E)

6 ship guns “24-CM KL/35 C/88” in 1938. Krupp was converted to railway guns mounted on an 8-axle platform. TTX tools: caliber. 238 mm; The length of the gun is 20.7 m; barrel length. 8.4 m; The mass of the gun is 24 t; installation mass. 95 tons; The weight of the shell is 148.5-150.5 kg; initial speed. 675 m/s; rate of fire. 1 shot in 3 minutes; firing range. 20.2 km.

Railway gun 24-Cm SK L/40 “Theodor Karl”

The gun of Krupp was built on the basis of SK L/40C/94 ship’s ship guns and was adopted in 1917. The gun was mounted on a 4-axle platform. In total, 34 guns were built, of which only one installation took part in the war. TTX tools: caliber. 238 mm; barrel length. 7.4 m; The mass of the installation.101. 129 t; The mass of the gun is 18.9 tons; The mass of the projectile is 140. 151 kg; initial speed. from 640 to 810 m/s; rate of fire. 1 shot in 10 minutes; Maximum shooting range. 18. 26 km.

Railway gun 24-Cm Theodor K (E)

The 24-Cm L/40 C/94 guns were removed from the written off the ship and Krupp in 1937. installed on 8-axle railway platforms. The gun could only be charged with the horizontal arrangement of the barrel. A total of 3 installations were built. TTX tools: caliber. 238 mm; The length of the gun is 18.5 m; barrel length. 9.5 m; mass. 94 t; The mass of the shell. 148.5. 151 kg; initial speed. 810 m/s; rate of fire. 1 shot in 3 minutes; firing range. 26.7 km.

Railway gun 28-CM Kurz Bruno K (E)

The 28-cm L/40 sea guns removed from the Braunschweig and Deutschland battleships were installed on two 5-axis railway trolleys. The gun had a hydropneumatic recoil. The installation device was similar to 24-Cm Theodor Bruno. Throughout 1937-1938. 8 such guns were built. TTX tools: caliber. 283 mm; barrel length. 11.2 m; installation mass. 130 tons; The mass of the projectile is 240 kg; initial speed. 820 m/s; rate of fire. 1 shot in 8 minutes; firing range. 29.4 km.

Railway tools | USSR

Installation was developed in 1941. Based on the B-13 sea guns removed from the ships, which were installed on a 4-axis railway platform with a shield with a 13 mm armor thickness. In total, 36 installations were built that took part in the hostilities on the Leningrad Front. TTX installations: caliber. 130 mm; The mass of the gun is 7.2 tons; The mass of the gun with a shield is 12.8 tons; barrel length. 6.5 m; The mass of the barrel with the lock is 2.5 tons; The weight of the shell is 33.4 kg; charge mass. 10.8 kg; The initial speed of the projectile is 870 m/s; rate of fire. 6. 12 shots per minute; firing range. 25.6 km.

152.4 mm railway installation TM-1-152 (B-64)

In 1941. On the railway 4-axle platforms, the Kane 152-mm guns and B-38 ship guns were installed in warehouses. The conveyor in many ways repeated the design “TM-180”. The cellar in the form of metal boxes were located on the main beam, so ammunition was served manually. The guns were installed on machines from 203/45 mm cannons. The shield cover was the “MU-2” tower (the thickness of the frontal armor-50 mm, roof and lateral armor-25 mm). Conveyors had four supporting “legs”, pivotally fastened with the platform. In total, 4 installations were built. Installations issued in 1941. designated as “T-1-152″, and in 1943″B-64”. TTX installations: caliber. 152.4 mm; The mass of the installation. 16.6 tons of the barrel. 8.7. 8.9 m, the mass of the barrel with the shutter. 12 tons; The weight of the shell is 48.5-55 kg; charge mass. 24 kg; initial speed. 950 m/s; rate of fire. 6. 7 shots per minute; firing range. 28. 30 km, calculation of the tower. 10 people.

Railway Artillery Installation TM-180

Installations “TM-180” were produced since 1936. At the Nikolaev plant to them. Marty, and the B-1-P guns were produced by the Barricades plant. By the beginning of the war, 20 installations were built. The rotating part of the installation was taken with minor changes from the coast shield unit “MO-180”. To ensure a circular shelling, the installation had eight supporting “legs”. The design of the conveyor made it possible to conduct circular shooting from anywhere in the railway track without preliminary engineering equipment of the fire position. The conveyor consisted of two 8-axis carts. Armor protection: forehead. 38 mm; sides and roof. 20 mm. The mass of the shield is 7.6 tons. The supply of ammunition was carried out using a shell platform, along the perimeter of which 4 shell carts with trails for ammunition, served from rabbes for rollerbags rolled.

Installation TM-1-180

The conveyor had his own engine to move at short distances: 3-4 minutes after the ceasefire, he left his position. The installation ammunition included armor-piercing, semi-broody, fragmentation-flood shells and distance grenade. Free charges were used for the secrecy of the shooting during the war, which deprived the enemy of the opportunity to detect guns. In addition, special super.long shells were used at a speed of 1275 m/s and a firing range of 55 km. TTX installations: caliber. 180 mm; installation length. 20 m; installation mass. 160 tons; barrel length. 10.2 m; The mass of the barrel with the shutter is 17.3 tons; The mass of the shell is 97.5 kg; initial speed. 920 m/s; rate of fire. 5 shots per minute; firing range. 38 km; The speed of movement is 45 km/h; Calculation. 40 people; Time of transfer from marching position to combat. 1 hour.

203-mm railway conveyor TM-8

Installation was created on the basis of the tools of the First World War. By the beginning of 1941. Only two installations survived. The gun was located on the 8-axle railway platform. In the combat position, TM-8 relied on a system of supporting legs and had a circular shelling when shooting from rails. Full.time ammunition. high.explosive shells. TTX installations: caliber. 203.2 mm; installation length. 22 m; installation mass. 100 t; barrel length. 10 m; The mass of the barrel and the shutter is 14.4 tons; rate of fire. 4 shots per minute; the time of the transition of their marching to the combat position is 57 minutes; The weight of the shell is 112.2 kg and 139.2 kg; initial speed. 792 m/s; firing range. 23 km.

Railway Artillery Installation TM-2-12 with 305 mm gun

Installation TM-2-12

6 installations were built in 1934. At the Nikolaev plant to them. BUT. Marty. For their manufacture, the gun machines of the former battleships of the Black Sea Fleet “St. Eustathius ”and“ John Chrysostom ”, as well as spare gun trunks 305 mm/40, manufactured in England by Vicker in 1915.1917. The installation was placed on the 16-axle railway platform, which had 2 support “legs”. TTX installations: caliber. 304.8 mm; installation length. 32 m; height. 4.8 m; width. 3.5 m; installation mass. 280 tons; barrel length. 12.2 m; The mass of the barrel with the shutter is 44.2 tons; barrel survivability. 300 shots; The mass of a high.explosive projectile is 471 kg, long.range. 314 kg; The initial speed of the high.explosive projectile is 700 m/s, long.range. 823 m/s; rate of fire. 2 shots in 3 minutes; firing range with a high.explosive projectile. 26 km, long.range. 30 km; The speed of movement on steam traction is 45 km/h, on its own engine. 2.2 km/h; Calculation. 50 people.

A reliable gun is installed on the railway platform, from which a shot is made along the canvas at an angle = 45 ° to the horizon ready.made solution: Order 971

Ready decision: Order 971

Type of work: task

Status: completed (settled by a university teacher)

Subject: Physics

Date of execution: 12.08.2020

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Description and initial data tasks, 50% of the solution: photography:

A reliable gun is installed on the railway platform, from which a shot is made along the canvas at an angle = 45 ° to the horizon. The mass of the platform with a gun m = 20 t, the weight of the projectile m = 10 kg, the friction coefficient between the wheels of the platform and the rails f = 0.002. Determine the speed of the projectile if, after a shot, the platform rolled away at a distance S = 3 m. [v0 = m /(mcos) = 970m /s]

Given: = 45 ° M = 10 kg m = 20 t = 2 ∙ 104 kg f = 0.002 S = 3 m

We will use the law of conservation of impulse. External forces- gravity and support reaction force are acting on the Platform-School system. But they act in a vertical direction and the projection of the pulse on the axis x will remain. The law of preservation of the impulse in the projection on the axis x:. Changing the kinetic energy of the platform is equal to work against friction force.

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On the railway platform moving by inertia at a speed of V = 3 km/h, the gun is strengthened

Ready decision: Order 334

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Subject: Physics

Date of execution: 06.08.2020

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Description and initial data tasks, 50% of the solution: photography:

On the railway platform moving by inertia at a speed of V = 3 km/h, the gun is strengthened. The mass of the platform and gun. m = 10 t. The barrel of the gun is directed towards the movement of the platform. The shell weighing M = 10 kg flies out of the barrel at an angle α = 60º to the horizon. Determine the speed of the projectile (relative to the ground) if, after the shot, the speed of the platform decreased by n = 2 times.

Let the initial speed of the platform. Since the mass of the projectile is much less than the mass of the platform (with a gun), it can be neglected. Then the initial impulse of the Platform-Snarr all system is equal. Let the shell fly at a speed. His impulse. The speed of the platform has become equal. And her impulse. Before the shot after the shot, since the shot was carried out due to the internal forces of the system, the law of preservation of the impulse should be carried out for it: in vector form in the projection for the axis. From here we express the speed of the projectile:

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There is a platform on the rails on which the gun is fixed without an anti.leaving device

Ready decision: Order 346

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Subject: Physics

Date of execution: 18.08.2020

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Description and initial data tasks, 50% of the solution: photography:

There is a platform on the rails on which the gun is fixed without an anti.leaving device so that its trunk is located in a horizontal position. A shot along the railway track is made from the gun. The weight of the projectile m1 = 10 kg and its speed when departed from the gun u 1 = 1 km/s. The mass of the platform with the gun and other load m2 = 20 t. At what distance L will roll back after a shot if the resistance coefficient is m = 0.002?

The pulse of the Platform-Snarrhare system before the shot is 0, since the platform with the gun rested. After the shot, the shell flew at a speed. According to the law of preservation of the impulse, the platform with the gun will begin to move at speed in the opposite direction. Let’s make a picture. We write the law of preservation of the impulse in vector form:. Or in the projection on the X:

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Rifle trunks. Manufacturing technology

Probably many will agree with me that the main part of the gun. trunks. After all, it is they who shoot. The effectiveness of cannon shots caused a person to make a small “manual” gun. Such a gun in the middle of the century before last was found in the castle of Tanneberg in Hesse (Germany). It was cast at the end of the 14th century. Shooting from it was, of course, hard and uncomfortable and soon adapted to her a crossbow bed. It turned out that in terms of accuracy of shooting and accuracy, the new weapon is seriously inferior to good onions, although in energy, and therefore a penetration force, significantly exceeds it. It turned out quite quickly that with an increase in the length of the barrel, shots become more accurate. From this moment, the history of firearms begins.

Today, our “turning point” has three main parts: a barrel (or trunks that form a barrel block), a block, a box.

The barrel gives the direction of the flight of a fraction or bullet. The more correctly and more thoroughly it is made, the better the shot.whale scree and the higher accuracy.

The block locks the official cut of the trunks, serves as a binder between trunks and lodges and is in weapons the main inertial element that absorbs the power of recoil. Locking, shock and safety mechanisms are mounted in the block.

The box ensures the convenience of bringing weapons to the target, the naturalness of aiming and softens the action of the return force due to its partial transformation into a rotational moment.

Before telling about today’s technology for the manufacture of arms trunks, I would like to introduce readers to part of the weapons history regarding the improvement of the manufacture of this most important part of the weapon. After all, make a good trunk. The task is quite difficult even with the current level of engineering development. However, persistence, zeal and ingenuity of our distant ancestors found various solutions to this problem. over, the level of quality of the best products of the XVIII century today seems to be almost mysterious. We want to tell how the masters of the past created a wonderful weapon, show some of his samples and think together about the greatness of their spirit with the hope that this will strengthen our own.

In 1811, Heinrich Anshtets (from the well.known weapons dynasty) published a book about an arms factory in g. Zul. He writes about four types of technologies for obtaining receiver: ordinary, twisted, bonded and trunks from Damascus.

A conventional (simple) barrel was obtained from a strip blank with a length of 32 inch (812.8 mm), 4 inch wide (101.6 mm), 3/8 inch thick (9.525 mm). After warming up this strip with a blacksmithing way, they bent on the mandrel in such a way that its longitudinal edges adjoined each other, parallel to the axis of the barrel channel. This junction was welded by the blacksmithing method and was carefully duck. There are undoubted indications that both long sides of a rectangular workpiece were sometimes driven “to the mustache” and were cooked not in the same way, but overwhelmed. After welding and cooling, the trunks passed in a four.sided disinteggle, dragged an outer surface on a lathe, which was then polished manually on a large circle of soft sandstone with a diameter of 1.75 m. A spiral plug was screwed into the barrel, which sometimes also boiled. Of course, the trunks of all muzzle.shaped rifles “drowned out”, regardless of the technology for obtaining them.

Twisted trunk. Welded seam in a regular trunk, located parallel to the axis of the barrel, was often a place of destruction during firing. To avoid this, a simple welded trunk began to be repeatedly heated in the central part and twisted along the axis along the entire length so that the welded seam had the shape of a screw line. This technique made a seam much less loaded when firing.

The stained trunk was obtained by gradual endowing the steel strip on the mandrel in the form of a rod or pipe. The screw.shaped welded seam was sequentially ooired by a blacksmith.

Damascus trunks. Back in the Middle Ages, in Damascus (today it is Syria), swords were made with extremely high quality. As soon as the technology for their receipt became understandable to Europeans, they tried to apply it for the manufacture of trunks. The basis of the secret was that the blanks for blade weapons were obtained by blacksmithing of strips of thin elements consisting of steels of the different carbon. The originally cooked and drunk strip was repeatedly folded and duck. Compared to the usual homogeneous blank, Damasa had three fundamental advantages. In fact, it represented a design that combines the properties of individual materials. In addition, the composition not only excluded the internal defects that are in a homogeneous cloud, but also created the optimal structural orientation. Fundamentally Damascus trunks were obtained by hanging. However, to obtain the starting strip, it was necessary to do just titanic work. First, a bar of a hundred rods of steels of different squares with a side of 0.7 mm laid in a certain order was welded. The bar was a cross section of about 7 mm x 7 mm. This procedure required incredibly thin blacksmithing, since it was easier to burn thin wires. The boiled block was again warmed up and twisted along. Then several of these twisted bars were taken (often three or six) welded them together and split into the strip. In some cases, something like pigtails that could consist of different numbers of strands and have a different weaving scheme were weaved from these twists. The pigtails were welded and rolled into the strip. This strip was laid on the mandrel. Then the workpiece was ceiling, the channel was passed by a deployment, the outer surface was first gripped on a lathe, then polished. The enveloping process in those days was treated with rather strong acids. As a result, low.carbon twigs were pulled much more compared to highly carbon, and an original small pattern appeared on the surface of the barrel, reflecting the entire previous scheme for obtaining the stripes. Typically, on Damassian trunks, the width of the strip is visible to the naked eye.

Drilling the barrel of the gun fixed on the railway platform

The Soviet Army and the Navy from the first days of its existence are unshakably on guard of the peaceful creative work of the Soviet people and the state interests of the Soviet Union, the whole history of our armed forces testifies to the selfless ministry of the Soviet soldiers, the Soviet Union and the Great cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Soviet artillery, along with other branches of troops, participated in the battles for the freedom and independence of our homeland and achieved outstanding successes in its skill. She became the main fire strike by the Soviet Army.

The first Soviet artillery units were formed at the very beginning of the Great October Socialist Revolution. These were the Red Guard batteries and the revolutionary artillery units of the old army joined them.

At that time, our artillery was small, armed with guns of various systems and calibers left from the old army, and did not have well.prepared artillery personnel. Despite this, she played a big role in the seizure of power by the proletariat in October 1917. and in the civil war. She guarded the approaches to Smolny. the headquarters of the Great October Revolution, took an active part in the assault on the Winter Palace and when taking the Kremlin.

Soviet artillery participated in the defeat of Kolchak, Yudenich, Denikin, Belopanda Poland. Many wonderful combat exploits were performed by young Soviet artillerymen on all fronts of the Civil War.

But the last shots of the civil war died out and the period of peaceful development has come. The Communist Party led the peoples of our Motherland along the path of overcoming devastation, eliminate economic backwardness, along the path of building a socialist economy.

Under the leadership of the Communist Party and the Soviet Government, our country from the agrarian and backwards turned into an advanced industrial-college power. The heroic work of Soviet people, beyond recognition, transformed the face of our Motherland. Socialist industrialization made it possible to strengthen the country’s defense capacity.

Over the years of pre.war five.year.olds, the metallurgical industry of our country has grown, machine tools and chemical industries began to develop rapidly, without which it would be impossible to create a powerful base for the production of artillery guns and ammunition. Our army began to receive new guns, planes, tanks and other weapons. All this made it possible in 1937. Arrange our army with new combat equipment, and artillery with new, modern tools and fire control devices.

The development of new types of weapons, tanks and aircraft contributed to the emergence of new types of artillery, for example, self.propelled, anti.tank and anti.aircraft.

For the successful development of Soviet artillery, the Communist Party has done a great work on the preparation and education of highly qualified command and design personnel.

Preaching the party’s instructions, artillery designers in a short time created many new excellent artillery weapons samples. In our country, the names of outstanding artillery designers of heroes of socialist labor in. G. Grabin, f. F. Petrova, and. And. Ivanova et al.

As a result of the care manifested by the Communist Party and the Soviet Government, the Soviet Army had first.class artillery and good command composition, educated in the spirit of devotion to their homeland and the Communist Party, by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

Soviet-Finnish war of 1939–1940. showed that our artillery guns are able to destroy any defensive structures.

The Great Patriotic War was a serious military school for the Soviet Army. During the Great Patriotic War, our gunners constantly improved their combat skill and learned to win the enemy.

Supreme Commander.in.Chief and. AT. Stalin described the actions of artillery during the Great Patriotic War: “With its crushing fire, artillery successfully cleared the path of infantry and tanks in the greatest battles of the Patriotic War, as a result of which the enemy turned out to be expelled from our homeland” [1].

A grateful homeland praised the fighting exploits of Soviet artillerymen: over 1,600 artillerymen and mortars were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, thousands of others were awarded the orders and medals of the Soviet Union. In October 1944, a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the establishment of the holiday “Artillery Day” was published. Every year on November 19, our armed forces, together with the entire Soviet people, celebrate this significant date.

Now, when the arsonists of the war. the worst enemies of the Soviet Union and the countries of folk democracy. are fighting for the forces of peace and progress, trying to light the fire of the Third World War, the invincible Soviet army and its powerful artillery are vigilantly standing on guard of the creative labor of the Soviet people and the state interests of the Soviet Union ready, if necessary, give a crushing rebuff to aggressors. “And let the capitalists know and remember that the New World War is more dangerous for capitalism than for the democracy camp. If they untie it, this will cause a mighty armed rebuff of all freedom.loving peoples who will not regret their strengths in order to end capitalism forever ”[2].

The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people showed that infantrymen, gunners, tankers, sappers interact closely in modern combat. The better they know each other’s weapons, the more this interaction becomes, the sooner success will be achieved in battle and the less victims will be.

During the Great Patriotic War, there were many cases when the infantrymen took the places of artillery players and when the gunners side by side with the infantrymen went on the attack.

Therefore, the soldiers of all the branches of the troops need to know at least in general terms the structure of the artillery gun, just as artillerymen need to know the device of weapons of other military branches.

This knowledge increases the combat effectiveness of our army. the army, which protects the peaceful creative work of the Soviet people to implement the program of building communism in our country, drawn by the XIX Congress of the Communist Party and the ingenious work of Comrade Stalin’s “Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR”.